Selected Publications

[103] Ebersberger, B. (2024). Future Flip-Book: 5 Millionen Innovationen für eine bessere Welt. Murmann (forthcoming)

[102] Ebersberger, B. (2024). The Future Flip-Book: 5 Million Innovations for a Better Tomorrow. Murmann (forthcoming)

[101] Kuckertz, A., Scheu, M., da Silva Wagner, I., Leicht, M. & Ebersberger, B. (2024). Main Quest Entrepreneurship. Springer (forthcoming)

[100] Ebersberger, B. & Dachs, B. (2024). Ökonomie digitaler MNEs. In: L. Staffler, B. Ebersberger & A. Jobin (Eds.) Grundlagen der digitalen Ökonomie. Springer (forthcoming)

[99] Dahlke, J., Beck, M., Kinne, J., Lenz, D., Dehghan, R., Wörter, M., & Ebersberger, B. (2024). Epidemic effects in the diffusion of emerging digital technologies: Evidence from artificial intelligence adoption. Research Policy, 53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2023.104917

[98] Alva Ferrari, A., Bogner, K., Palacio, V., Crisostomo, D., Seeber, N., & Ebersberger, B. (2023). The COVID-19 pandemic as a window of opportunity for more sustainable and circular supply chains. Cleaner Logistics and Supply Chain, 7, 100101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clscn.2023.100101

[97] Stöber, L. F., Sommer, D., & Ebersberger, B. (2022). The impact of frugal innovation on sustainability: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Innovation Management, 26(08). https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363919622300021

[96] Sommer, D., & Ebersberger, B. (2021). International R&D teams: Performance effects and the moderating role of technological competences. Economics Bulletin, 41(2), 387–397.

[95] Ebersberger, B., Galia, F., Laursen, K., & Salter, A. (2021). Inbound Open Innovation and Innovation Performance : A Robustness Study. Research Policy, 50(7), 104271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2021.104271

[94] Dahlke, J., Bogner, K., Becker, M., Schlaile, M. P., Pyka, A., & Ebersberger, B. (2021). Crisis-driven innovation and fundamental human needs : A typological framework of rapid-response COVID-19 innovations. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 169, 120799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120799

[93] Ebersberger, B., Feit, M., & Mengis, H. (2021). International knowledge interactions and catch-up . Evidence from European patent data for Chinese latecomer firms. International Business Review, June 2021, 101855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2021.101855

[92] Ebersberger, B., & Kuckertz, A. (2021). Hop to it ! The impact of organization type on innovation response time to the COVID-19 crisis. Journal of Business Research, 124(December 2020), 126–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.11.051

[91] Ebersberger, B., Herstad, S. J., & Nordli, A. (2021). Hospitality innovation strategies : Robustness analysis of paths to firm performance. Tourism Management, 85, 104310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104310

[90] Bauder, L., Tabet-Aoul, F., Ebersberger, B., Weber, B., Mengis, H., & Dahlke, J. (2021). Doing business in China: A great leap forward? The Case Center.

[89] Becker, M., Ebersberger, B., Morath, B., Dahlke, J., & Mengis, H. (2021). The case of iAuto Automotive GmbH. The Case Center.

[88] Altmann, A., Ebersberger, B., Mössenlechner, C., & Wieser, D. (Eds.). (2018). The disruptive power of online education. Emerald Group Publishing.

[87] Ebersberger, B., Pirhofer, C., & Wieser, D. (2018). Entrepreneurship Teaching Toolkit.

[86] Bernsteiner, R., Kilian, D., & Ebersberger, B. (2016). Mobile Cloud Computing for Enterprise Systems: A Conceptual Framework for Research. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (IJIM), 10(2), 72–76. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v10i2.5511

[85] Ebersberger, B., & Mevenkamp, N. (2016). Open Innovation in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Journal of Business Administration Research, 5(2), 8–19. https://doi.org/10.5430/jbar.v5n2p8

[84] Ebersberger, B., & Petersen, S. S. (2016). Fail(ed) to succeed. Building Bridges Proceedings of the FFH.

[83] Dachs, B., Ebersberger, B., Kinkel, S., & Som, O. (2015). The effects of production offshoring on R&D and innovation in the home country. Economia e Politica Industriale, 42(1), 9–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40812-014-0001-2

[82] Herstad, S. J., & Ebersberger, B. (2015). On the Link between Urban Location and the Involvement of Knowledge-Intensive Business Services Firms in Collaboration Networks. Regional Studies, 49(7), 1160–1175. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2013.816413

[81] Herstad, S. J., Sandven, T., & Ebersberger, B. (2015). Recruitment, knowledge integration and modes of innovation. Research Policy, 44(1), 138–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.06.007

[80] Ebersberger, B., Herstad, S. J., & Koller, C. (2014). Does the composition of regional knowledge bases influence extra-regional collaboration for innovation? Applied Economics Letters, 21(3), 201–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2013.848019

[79] Herstad, S. J., & Ebersberger, B. (2014). Urban agglomerations, knowledge-intensive services and innovation: establishing the core connections. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 26(3–4), 211–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2014.888098

[78] Herstad, S. J., Aslesen, H. W. H. W., & Ebersberger, B. (2014). On industrial knowledge bases, commercial opportunities and global innovation network linkages. Research Policy, 43(3), 495–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2013.08.003

[77] Altmann, A., & Ebersberger, B. (2013). Universities in change: As a brief introduction. In Universities in Change: Managing Higher Education Institutions in the Age of Globalization. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4590-6_1

[76] Altmann, A., & Ebersberger, B. (2013). Universities in change: Managing higher education institutions in the age of globalization. In Universities in Change: Managing Higher Education Institutions in the Age of Globalization. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4590-6

[75] Blind, K., Ebersberger, B., & Lorenz, A. (2013). Determinants of Companies’ Appropriation Strategies – A Bayesian Model Averaging Approach. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2013(1), 16869–16869. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2013.16869abstract

[74] Dachs, B., & Ebersberger, B. (2013). The effects of production offshoring on R&D and innovation in the home country. FIW Studienpool 2012.

[73] Dachs, B., Ebersberger, B., Kinkel, S., & Som, O. (2013). Offshoring firms innovate more: Evidence from European manufacturers. Voxeu.Org. http://www.voxeu.org/article/offshoring-firms-innovate-more-evidence-european-manufacturers

[72] Davey, T., Altmann, A., Ebersberger, B., Meermann, A., & Galán-Muros., V. (2013). The State of University-Business Cooperation in Austria. http://www.ub-cooperation.eu/pdf/austria.pdf

[71] Ebersberger, B., & Herstad, S. J. (2013). The relationship between international innovation collaboration , intramural R & D and SMEs ’ innovation performance : a quantile regression approach The relationship between international innovation collaboration , intramural R & D and SMEs ’ innovation. Applied Economic Letters, 20, 37–41.

[70] Ebersberger, B., & Koller, C. (2013). International and national collaboration for innovation – Does the composition of the regional knowledge base mat- ter? In Proceedings of the FFH 2013. FH Vorarlberg.

[69] Ebersberger, B., Hartmann, D., & Pyka, A. (2013). Technological competences and regional innovation networks: Measurement and visualization with patent data. In P. Morone (Ed.), Knowledge, Innovation and Internationalisation (pp. 111–129). Routledge.

[68] Asheim, B. T., Ebersberger, B., & Herstad, S. J. (2012). MNCs between the local and the global: Knowledge bases, proximity and distributed knowledge networks. In Innovation and Institutional Embeddedness of Multinational Companies. https://doi.org/10.4337/9780857934321.00014

[67] Ebersberger, B., & Herstad, S. J. (2012). Go abroad or have strangers visit? On organizational search spaces and local linkages. Journal of Economic Geography, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbq057

[66] Ebersberger, B., Bloch, C. W., Herstad, S. J., & Van De Velde, E. (2012). Open innovation practices and their effect on innovation performance. International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management, 9(6), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1142/S021987701250040X

[65] Ebersberger, B., Herstad, S. J., & Altmann, A. (2012). Higher education institutions and regional development. In A. Altmann & B. Ebersberger (Eds.), Universities in change: Managing higher education institutions in the age of globalization. Springer.

[64] Ebersberger, B., Herstad, S. J., & Altmann, A. (2012). Knowledge spillovers to industry : Opportunities for universities of applied sciences. Zeitschrift Für Hochschulentwicklung, 7(2), 73–79.

[63] Ebersberger, B., Herstad, S. J., & Altmann, A. (2012). What type of companies benefit from university spillovers? In A. Altmann & B. Ebersberger (Eds.), Universities in change: Managing higher education institutions in the age of globalization (pp. 323–337). Springer.

[62] Ebersberger, B. (2011). Public funding for innovation and the exit of firms. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 21(3), 519–543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00191-010-0186-0

[61] Ebersberger, B., & Herstad, S. J. (2011). Product innovation and the complementarities of external interfaces. European Management Review, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-4762.2011.01014.x

[60] Ebersberger, B., & Pirhofer, C. (2011). Gender, management education and the willingness for academic entrepreneurship. Applied Economics Letters, 18(9), 841–844. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2010.503931

[59] Ebersberger, B., & Pirhofer, C. (2011). Perceived obstacles, gender, education, and the willingness for academic entrepreneurship. In I. C. for S. Business (Ed.), ICSB World Conference Proceedings.

[58] Ebersberger, B., Herstad, S. J., & Lehtoranta, O. (2011). Bridging the global and the local? Multinational enterprises, labor market mobility and localized learning. In International Council for Small Business (Ed.), ICSB World Conference Proceedings.

[57] Ebersberger, B., Herstad, S. J., Iversen, E., Kirner, E., & Som, O. (2011). Open innovation in Europe: Effects, determinants and policy. In Innovation. European Commission, DG Enterprise and Industry. http://www.proinno-europe.eu/sites/default/files/innogrips/Innogrips – WP3_final_0.pdf

[56] Herstad, S. J., Ebersberger, B., & Pålshaugen, Ø. (2011). Industrial innovation collaboration in a capital region context. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 2(4), 507–532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-011-0065-4

[55] Pirhofer, C., Ebersberger, B., & Antonovic, V. (2011). Technology transfer education programmes in Europe: Gap analysis between supply and demand. In Forschungsforum der Fachhochschulen 2011.

[54] Asheim, B. T., Ebersberger, B., & Herstad, S. J. (2010). MNCs between the Local and the Global : Knowledge Bases , Proximity and Distributed Knowledge Networks. Innovation and Institutional Embeddedness of Multinational Companies, 1.

[53] Czarnitzki, D., & Ebersberger, B. (2010). Do direct R&D subsidies lead to the monopolization of R&D in the economy? FBE Research Report MSI_1012, 10. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1726415

[52] Ebersberger, B., & Becke, F. M. (2010). Technological specialization and variety in regional innovation systems: A view on Austrian regions. In Innovation in Complex Social Systems. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203855324

[51] Ebersberger, B., & Pirhofer, C. (2010). Akademische Unternehmensgründung in Triol.

[50] Ebersberger, B., Marsili, O., Reichstein, T., & Salter, A. (2010). Into thin air: Using a quantile regression approach to explore the relationship between R&D and innovation. International Review of Applied Economics, 24(1), 95–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/02692170903424448

[49] Herstad, S. J., Bloch, C. W., Ebersberger, B., & van De Velde, E. (2010). National innovation policy and global open innovation: exploring balances, tradeoffs and complementarities. Science and Public Policy, 37(2), 113–124. https://doi.org/10.3152/030234210X489590

[48] Huber, P., Ebersberger, B., Reinstaller, A., & Unterlass, F. (2010). Study on mobility patterns and career paths of EU researchers (Issue November 2009).

[47] Johansson, B., Loof, H., & Ebersberger, B. (2010). The innovation and productivity effect of foreign takeover of national assets. In Entrepreneurship and Regional Development: Local Processes and Global Patterns. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781781000793.00017

[46] Lööf, H., Ebersberger, B., & Johansson, B. (2010). The Innovation and Productivity Effect of Foreign Take Over of National Assets. In C. Karlsson, B. Johansson, & R. Stough (Eds.), Entrepreneurship and Development – Local and global Processes (p. 0). Edward Elgar.

[45] Reichstein, T., Dahl, M. S., Ebersberger, B., & Jensen, M. B. (2010). The devil dwells in the tails: A quantile regression approach to firm growth. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 20(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00191-009-0152-x

[44] Dachs, B., & Ebersberger, B. (2009). Does foreign ownership matter for the innovative activities of enterprises? International Economics and Economic Policy, 6(1), 41–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10368-009-0126-3

[43] Jochem, E., Bradke, H., Cremer, C., Dreher, C., Ebersberger, B., Edler, J., Krebs, A., Mannsbart, W., Marscheider-Weidemann, F., Von Oertzen, J., Radgen, P., Rainer, F., Ruhland, S., & Som, O. (2009). Improving the efficiency of R and D and the market diffusion of energy technologies. In Improving the Efficiency of R and D and the Market Diffusion of Energy Technologies. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-2154-3

[42] Dachs, B., Ebersberger, B., & Lööf, H. (2008). The innovative performance of foreign-owned enterprises in small open economies. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 33(4), 393–406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-007-9058-7

[41] Dachs, B., Ebersberger, B., & Pyka, A. (2008). Why do firms cooperate for innovation ? A comparison of Austrian and Finnish CIS3 results. International Journal of Foresight and Innovation Policy, 4(3/4), 200–229.

[40] Ebersberger, B., & Becke, F. M. (2008). Technological specialization and variety in regional innovation systems: A view on Austrian regions. In P. Ahrweiler (Ed.), Innovation in Complex Social Systems.

[39] Ebersberger, B., & Bloch, C. W. (2008). Empirical Analysis of Open Innovation. In S. J. Herstad, C. Bloch, B. Ebersberger, & E. Van Der Velde (Eds.), Open innovation and globalisation (p. 0).

[38] Ebersberger, B., & Lehtoranta, O. (2008). Effects of Public R&D Funding. In English (No. 100; VTT Working Papers).

[37] Ebersberger, B., Marsili, O., Reichstein, T., & Salter, A. (2008). Fortune favours the brave. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 19(4), 357–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2008.01.001

[36] Edler, J., Ebersberger, B., & Lo, V. (2008). Improving policy understanding by means of secondary analyses of policy evaluation. Research Evaluation, 17(3), 175–186. https://doi.org/10.3152/095820208X331667

[35] Herstad, S. J., Bloch, C. W., Ebersberger, B., & Van De Velde, E. (2008). Open Innovation and Globalization; Theory, Evidence and Implications (Issue April). http://www.visioneranet.org/files/391/openING_report_final.pdf

[34] Bradke, H., Cremer, C., Dreher, C., Ebersberger, B., Edler, J., Jochem, E., Krebs, A., Marscheider-Weidemann, F., Oertzen, J., Radgen, P., Ruhland, S., Som, O., Mannsbart, W., & Frietsch, R. (2007). Developing an Assessment Framework to Improve the Efficiencs of R&D and the Market for Diffusion of Energy Technologies (E. Jochem (ed.)). Fraunhofer ISI.

[33] Czarnitzki, D., Ebersberger, B., & Fier, A. (2007). The relationship between R&D collaboration, subsidies and R&D performance: empirical evidence from Finland and Germany. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(7), 1347–1366. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae

[32] Ebersberger, B. (2007). Befragung der außeruniversitären Forschungseinrichtungen und Universitäten. In J. Edler (Ed.), Internationalisierung der deutschen Forschungs- und Wissenschaftslandschaft (pp. 20–24). IRB-Verl.

[31] Ebersberger, B. (2007). Internationalisierung – Befragung außeruniversitärer Forschungseinrichgungen und Universitäten. In J. Edler (Ed.), Internationalisierung der öffentlichen Forschung in Deutschland. Fraunhofer ISI.

[30] Ebersberger, B. (2007). Nachfrageorientierte Innovationspolitik in den Niederlanden. In J. Edler (Ed.), Bedürfnisse als Innovationsmotor (pp. 115–129). Edition Sigma.

[29] Ebersberger, B. (2007). Nachfrageorientierte Innovationspolitik in Finnland. In J. Edler (Ed.), Bedürfnisse als Innovationsmotor (pp. 115–129). Edition Sigma.

[28] Ebersberger, B., & Blind, K. (2007). IP Strategies of German Innovators (Working Paper).

[27] Ebersberger, B., & Edler, J. (2007). Die Europäische Ebene. In J. Edler (Ed.), Internationalisierung der deutschen Forschungs- und Wissenschaftslandschaft (pp. 199–216). IRB-Verl.

[26] Ebersberger, B., Edler, J., Grimpe, C., Licht, G., & Löhlein, H. (2007). Nutzen, Kosten und Risiken der Internationalisierung öffentlicher Forschung. In J. Edler (Ed.), Internationalisierung der öffentlichen Forschung in Deutschland. Fraunhofer ISI.

[25] Ebersberger, B., Edler, J., Grimpe, C., Licht, G., & Löhlein, H. (2007). Rahmenbedingungen f�r die Internationalisierung öffentlicher Forschung. In J. Edler (Ed.), Internationalisierung der öffentlichen Forschung in Deutschland. Fraunhofer ISI.

[24] Ebersberger, B., Edler, J., Grimpe, C., Licht, G., & Löhlein, H. (2007). Strategien, Ziele und Motive wissenschaftlicher Forschungseinrichtungen. In J. Edler (Ed.), Internationalisierung der öffentlichen Forschung in Deutschland. Fraunhofer ISI.

[23] Ebersberger, B., Edler, J., Grimpe, C., Licht, G., Löhlein, H., Gröhl, S., Ruhland, S., Frietsch, R., Wang, J., & Boekholt, P. (2007). Rahmenbedingungen und Fördermöglichkeiten für internationale Aktivitäten der deutschen Wirtschaft. In J. Edler (Ed.), Internationalisierung der deutschen Forschungs- und Wissenschaftslandschaft (pp. 109–124). IRB-Verl.

[22] Ebersberger, B., Johansson, B., & Lööf, H. (2007). Does Ownership Matter? The Impact of Foreign Take-Overs on Innovation Productivity Performance. In A. Heshmati (Ed.), Commercialization and transfer of technology: major country case studies (pp. 157–178). Nova Science.

[21] Aschhoff, B., Doherr, T., Ebersberger, B., Peters, B., Rammer, C., & Schmidt, T. (2006). Innovation in Germany: Results from the German innovation survey 2005. ZEW.

[20] Dachs, B., & Ebersberger, B. (2006). Knowledge flows between multinational enterprises and national innovation systems. In A. T. Tavares & A. Teixeira (Eds.), Multinational clusters and innovation: Does public policy matter?(pp. 13–26). Palgrave.

[19] Dachs, B., Ebersberger, B., Kinkel, S., Waser, B. R., & Hanisch, C. (2006). Produktionsverlagerungen und Rückverlagerungen im europäischen Vergleich. In Produktinnovation.ch – Mitteilungen ausder EMS-Erhebung in der Schweiz. HSW.

[18] Ebersberger, B., & Löhlein, H. (2006). Branchenreport – Innovation. In Sectoral reporting of innovation indicators for 23 sectors of German manufacturing and services. ZEW.

[17] Ebersberger, B., Kinkel, S., & Jäger, A. (2006). Ex-post Evaluation des Forschungsprogramms “Forschung für die Produktion von Morgen.” Fraunhofer ISI.

[16] Ebersberger, B., Menhart, M., Pyka, A., Hanusch, H., Ebersberger, B., & Hanusch, H. (2006). Industry Dynamics in the German Insurance Market. In Applied evolutionary economics and the knowledge based economy (pp. 100–139). Edward Elgar.

[15] Balthasar, A., Bieri, O., Ebersberger, B., Edler, J., Feller-Länzinger, R., & Ruhland, S. (2005). Evaluation der schweizerischen Beteiligung am 5. und 6. Rahmenprogramm der Europäischen Union sowie des Informationsnetzwerkes Euresearch. Staatsskretariat für Bildung und Forschung.

[14] Ebersberger, B. (2005). The impact of public R&D funding (Vol. 588). VTT. www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/publications/2005/P588.pdf

[13] Ebersberger, B., & Lehtoranta, O. (2005). Pattern of innovative activities among Finnish firms (Vol. 558). VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/publications/2005/P558.pdf

[12] Ebersberger, B., Lööf, H., Oksanen, J., Step, N., & Ps, I. T. (2005). Does Foreign Ownership Matter for the Innovation Activities of Firms in Finland? In Technology (No. 27; VTT Working Papers, Vol. 26, Issue 27). Nordic Innovation Center. www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/workingpapers/2005/W26.pdf

[11] Cantner, U., Ebersberger, B., Hanusch, H., Krüger, J. J., & Pyka, A. (2004). The twin peaks in national income: Parametric and nonparametric estimates. Revue Economique, 55(6). https://doi.org/10.2307/3503347

[10] Ebersberger, B. (2004). Labor demand effects of public R&D funding (VTT Working Papers, Issue 9).

[9] Ebersberger, B. (2004). Mikä estää yrityksiä innovoimasta? What hampers the innovation activities of firms? In T. Lemola & Petri Honkanen (Eds.), Innovaatiopolitiikka (pp. 119–128).

[8] Ebersberger, B., & Lööf, H. (2004). Multinational Enterprises, Spillovers, Innovation and Productivity. In UIP Journal of Management Research (CESIS Working Papers 22; CESIS Working Papers, Vol. 4, Issue 22). Royal Institute of Technology.

[7] Ebersberger, B., & Pyka, A. (2004). The Use of Genetic Programming in Evolutionary Economics. In J. Foster & W. Hölzl (Eds.), Applied Evolutionary Economics and Complex Systems (pp. 78–94). Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781845421564.00009

[6] Ebersberger, B., Menhart, M., Hanusch, H., & Pyka, A. (2004). Product innovation and pupulation dynamics in the German insurance market. Zeitschrift Für Die Gesamte Versicherungswissenschaft, 93, 477–519.

[5] Pyka, A., Ebersberger, B., Hanusch, H., Pyka, A., & Hanusch, H. (2004). A Conceptual Framework to Model Long-Run Qualitative Change in the Energy System. In Evolution and Economic Complexity (pp. 191–213). Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781845423506.00017

[4] Ebersberger, B., Saarinen, J., & Rantanen, M. (2003). Expectations in biotechnology: From optimism to pessimism – and back to optimism. Kemia – Kemi, 30.

[3] Ebersberger, B. (2002). Genetische Programmierung: Ein Instrument zur empirischen Fundierung ökonomischer Modelle. Dt. Univ.-Verl. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/356106853.pdf

[2] Ebersberger, B., & Pyka, A. (2002). Innovation and Sectoral Employment: A Trade-off between Compensation Mechanisms. Labour, 16(4), 635–665. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9914.00211

[1] Cantner, U., Ebersberger, B., Hanusch, H., Kruger, J. J., & Pyka, A. (2001). Empirically based simulation – the case of twin peaks in national income. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 4(3),